phrenology

phrenology \fri-NOL-uh-jee, fre-\, noun:

a psychological theory or analytical method based on the belief that certain mental faculties and character traits are indicated by the configurations of the skull.

According to Moleschott's celebrated dictum — 'Without phosphorus no thought,' and if there be any truth in physiology andphrenology, you women have been stinted by nature in the supply of phosphorus.
-- Augsta Jane Evans, Augusta Jane Evans, 1866

"Why don't you just put a phrenologist on the case and be done with it?" His reference to phrenology was intended to sting, as it was the touchstone for an ongoing disagreement between the two.
-- Rodney Osborne, Straw Men, 2011

The phren- in phrenology comes from the Greek phreno- referring to the diaphragm and the abdomen. This sense was extended in the writings of Homer to refer to the area around the heart as well as the mind.